Temporal Databases, quickly rising in size, are distinguished by their capacity to maintain the older version of data objects against actions on them, allowing logical deletions. Queries for historical data are particularly costly due to the linear scanning of Temporal versions. Temporal data structures like time-split B-Tree or multiversion B-Tree are working underlying the state-of-the-art Temporal Databases. So far, most efficient Temporal data structures are partially persistent or fully persistent, but none of them support retroactive queries. On the other hand, efficient Temporal indexing is required to address bulk loading in a real-life application. To the best of our knowledge, there is no efficient solution for bulk loading and updating retroactive index structures. This article seeks to offer a new data structure, the Retroactive B-Tree (RBT), to facilitate retroactive operations in Temporal Databases as well as bulk loading. It presents theoretical and empirical research and analysis of the suggested data structure and its relevant operations. The experiments were conducted to demonstrate the performance of the proposed retroactive B-Tree in terms of execution time, I/O complexity, space complexity, and bulk loading. The obtained results show that indexing with a buffer is the most powerful model for existing Temporal Databases for implementing a retroactive B-Tree. The tree of lists architecture is observed as an I/O efficient data structure for all variants of Temporal indexing for large Databases.

A B S T R A C T Temperature is one of the climate elements that has fluctuated a lot over time. When these fluctuations increase and decrease more than normal and are placed in the upper and lower regions of the statistical distribution, if continued, it can lead to the creation of heating and cooling waves. The purpose of this study is to analyze the Temporal and spatial changes in heating and cooling waves in Iran during a period of 50 years. For this purpose, the temperature of 663 synoptic stations from 1962 to 2004 was obtained from the Esfazari database. Then, in order to complete this database, the daily temperature from 2004 to 2011 was obtained from the Meteorological Organization of the country and added to the aforementioned database. In order to perform calculations and draw maps, Matlab, grads and Surfer software have been used. The results of this study showed that the index of cooling waves and heating waves, while having a direct effect on each other, had an increasing trend in most of the area of Iran. The statistical distribution of the index of cooling waves is more heterogeneous than that of the index of heating waves. So that the spatial variation coefficient for cold waves is 84.22%. Also, the index of cooling waves has more spatial variability. The highest common diffraction of the index of heating and cooling waves has been seen in the northwest, east and along the Zagros mountains. Analysis of the indexes trends show that heat waves have intensified in 65.8% of Iran and the intensity of cold waves has decreased in 48.5% of Iran Extended Abstract Introduction Temperature is one of the major climatic variables, which it has a direct impact on different aspects of human life. It plays an essential role in the growth of crops and is considered a key driver of the biological system(Reicosky et al, 1988). It is associated with several types of extremes, for example, heat and cold waves which caused human societies maximum damage. Past occurrences of heat waves hitherto had significant impacts on several aspects of society. Have increased Mortality and morbidity. Ecosystems can be affected, as well as increased pressure on infrastructures that support society, such as water, transportation, and energy(Dewce, 2016). The long-term change of extreme temperatures has a key role in climatic change. The form of statistical distribution and the variability of mean values and also extreme event indicate a change in the region. It can be a small relative change in the mean as a result of a large change in the probability of extreme occurrence. Also, the variation in temperature data variance is significantly more important than the mean, for assessing the extreme occurrence of climate(Toreti and Desiato, 2008). The average surface temperature has increased the world between 0.56 and 0.92 ° C over the past 100 years(IPCC, 2007). Meanwhile, it was in the Middle East, the average daily temperature increased by 0.4-0.5 ° C in decades(Kostopoulou et al, 2014; Tanarhte et al, 2012). Considering that not many studies have been done in the field of spatio-Temporal Variations of the heating and cooling waves thresholds in Iran, in this study, the spatio-Temporal Variations of the heating and cooling waves thresholds in Iran during 50 years were examined and analyzed.   Methodology The daily temperature from the beginning of the year 21/03/1967 to 19/05/2005 was obtained from the Esfazari database prepared by Dr. Masoudian at the University of Isfahan. In order to increase the time resolution of the mentioned database, the daily temperature of observations from 05/21/2005 to 05/12/2012 has been added to the mentioned database using the same method, and the exact spatial resolution (15 x 15 km) is used as a database. Threshold indices of heating waves are the average numbers between the 95th and 99th percentiles, that is, the extreme hot threshold to the limit of excessively extreme hot. For extreme cool, from the 5th percentile down to zero is used. Of course, a condition was added to these thresholds, which is that these thresholds must be repeated two days in a row. These thresholds were extracted for each day in the 50 years of the study period and used as the original database. In order to analyze the relationship between cooling and heating waves, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used and regression was used to analyze the trend.   Results and discussion The average of cold waves was 5.26 ° C and for the heat waves is 30.20° C. Generally, if the temperature is upper or lower than this threshold, it is considered as hot or cold temperatures. A comparison of the median, mode, and average of cold waves with heat waves shows that the distribution is more heterogeneous for cold waves and its CV is 84.22%. In southern Iran, the average threshold heat waves are higher. This situation can be caused by the effects of subtropical high-pressure radiation, low latitude, and proximity to the sea. Though the threshold is higher in these areas, fewer fluctuations and changes are seen in the area. Heights moderate the temperature so they pose a minimum threshold for heat waves i.e. an iso-threshold of 25 ° C is consistent along the Zagros mountain chains, but in the west and east of Zagros Mountains, the threshold of heat waves is increased. Heat waves have increased in most areas of the country. So nearly 85 percent of the Iran has been an increasing trend, of which 65.8 percent is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Still, more areas of the country (60 percent) have a trend between 0.00828 and 0.00161. As can be seen, only 15% of the land area (including the southwest and northwest of the Country) had decreased heat waves. Cold waves, in most parts of the country, have a Positive Trend. However, about 25 percent of the study area's cold waves have a negative trend. they are located in areas higher than Latitude 30°. The largest decline of the wave's trend along the country is highlands. Nowadays, most of the country, has a trend between 0.01494 and 0.00828 ° C, respectively. Conclusion Common changes and effects of heat and cold waves had a direct relationship in many parts of the country. It is remarkable common variance in the East reached 55 percent, according to statistical significance. In some areas of the northwest and southwest, which have been impressive heights, the common variance is 40 percent. This common variance in mountains area has been high values. Investigation of heat waves trend shows that 65.8% of Iran significant positive trend and 7.1% significant negative trend. Also, the cold waves trend has indicated a 48.5% significant positive trend and a 10.8% significant negative trend. Climate change and global warming have changed the frequency and severity of temperature extremes. The present study, by examining the number of warm waves, concluded that the warm waves have increased in magnitude in 65.8% of the Iran zone. Also, the study of the cold waves trend showed that 48.5 percent of Iran had a positive trend, which means that the amount of temperature in the cold waves increased In other words, the severity of the cold has been reduced And only 10.8 percent of Iran had a negative cold wave trend And it shows the intensity of these waves is reduced.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest The authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Proteins are sources of many peptides with diverse biological activity. Some of them are considered as valuable components of foods and drug targets with desired and designed biological activity. We are now entering an era rich in biological data in which the field of bioinformatics is poised to exploit this information in increasingly powerful ways. There are currently many Databases all over the world housing information that floods from the genome project. Nevertheless, as Databases become more comprehensive, as the volume of sequence data expands and search outputs become more complex, the different Databases play an increasingly major role in the post genomic era. However, the rate of sequence generation and overwhelmingly proliferation of Databases have made it difficult to keep up with developments. Researchers now need rapid, easy to use, reliable tools for their use in functional characterization of newly determined sequences. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the status of protein Databases available in the World Wide Web. As this is a fast moving area, a list of all the mentioned Databases along with their current URLs are presented ill a table at the end of the article.

Background and Aim: The main challenge in each organization, in particular healthcare organizations deal is effective utilization of information stored in their various information systems. Large amounts of data will have organizational value as they convert to a knowledge which help the organizations in cost controlling, profit increasing as well as maintaining the quality of patient care. The aim of this study was to determine initiatives and methods for effective utilization of data and information stored in Databases of healthcare organizations in developed countries. Materials and Methods: Through systematic review, the articles regarding KDD published since 1990 were reviewed. After studying books and journals related to data and Databases in the libraries of Iran University of medical sciences, central library of Amir Kabir University, library of Science and Industry University, articles published by Databases such as ScienceDirect, Pubmed, Proquest, Blakwell as well as the sites of international organizations working on knowledge discovery and data mining were also reviewed. Results: Necessity for effective utilization of large amount of data has been the subject of a field called Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD). Extensive initiatives have been done in developed countries and distinctive steps have been determined for knowledge discovery since 1989. Fraud detection, marketing and customer retention are some examples of KDD applications in several industries. Similar applications regarding patient-oriented and quality improvement in healthcare are examples of KDD applications in the healthcare industry. Using capabilities of various sciences, several approaches have been developed by which current soft wares are extracting hidden knowledge from large Databases. Quantitative approaches such as Probabilistic and statistical approaches, classification approaches such as Bayesian, decision tree and other methods including deviation and Trend Analysis, generic algorithms, neural networks and hybrid methods which use two or more techniques are used in KDD tools. Conclusion: Healthcare organizations can discover hidden knowledge in Databases by using software programs developed based on one or more KDD techniques, and along with cost reduction, they can use its interesting results for decision making in their activities.

The last three decades the use of Databases and registries in the field of medicine has created, along with the use of personal computers and the internet, a major revolution in the way of learning and practicing medicine and surgery.